A/HRC/22/45 protocols and safeguards and the promotion of judicial or security sector reforms are other important measures of non-repetition. The Working Group further emphasizes that the full realization of the right to truth and justice are essential elements to ensure non-repetition. C. Individual and collective reparations 66. The Working Group welcomes the growing recognition in international human rights law that reparations may be awarded on both an individual and a collective basis. 42 Individual and collective reparations may be granted concurrently and they do not exclude each other, given that both their essence and purpose are different. 43 Collective reparations respond to collective harm or harm to society as a whole. Public apology or acceptance of responsibility as well as the construction of monuments or memorials for victims of enforced disappearances are possible forms of collective reparation. D. Gender perspective and culturally sensitive reparations 67. The Working Group emphasizes that both a gender-sensitive as well as culturallysensitive approach should be taken in the determination of the forms and modalities of reparations.44 The Nairobi Declaration on Women‘s and Girls‘ Right to a Remedy and Reparation45 in particular provides gender specific considerations with respect to the formulation and implementation of reparations, emphasizing additional aspects of importance of the process of obtaining reparations, including removing possible barriers for them to claim their rights and to access to justice. The Declaration highlights the fundamental importance of a consultative process, which empowers women themselves to determine what forms of reparation are best suited to their situation. Special measures should be taken to empower women and enable their participation in all stages of the reparation process affecting them. The Working Group also emphasizes that reparation measures need to take into account many factors, in particular the victims‘ perspective and the circumstances of the case, given that what might be an appropriate reparation measure in one case may be inappropriate or even counterproductive in another. 68. The Working Group further stresses that access to reparation must be ensured in a culturally sensitive manner. Information on reparation processes and measures should be facilitated in local languages, if necessary, and the design of reparation plans or mechanisms should be designed with the participation of the communities affected, taking into account their needs. The Working Group also emphasizes that the provision of social services for victims should not be confused with their right to obtain reparation. 42 43 44 45 14 ethical norms, in particular international standards, by public servants, including law enforcement, correctional, media, medical, psychological, social service and military personnel, as well as by economic enterprises. See rule 97 (1) of the Rules of Procedures and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. See also articles 25 (1) and 50 of the European Convention of Human Rights as well as articles 44 and 63 of the American Convention on Human Rights. See A/HRC/13/31/Add.1, paras. 56-66. This has been also recognized in the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. See for instance Case of the Moiwana Community v. Suriname, Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and costs, judgement of 15 June 2005, paras. 194 and 201. See A/HRC/19/58/Add.1, para. 64. See also A/HRC/16/48/Add.1, para. 44. Adopted at the International Meeting on Women‘s and Girls‘ Right to a Remedy and Reparation, held in Nairobi from 19 to 21 March 2007. Seewww.fidh.org/IMG//pdf/NAIROBI_DECLARATIONeng.pdf .