19. Encouragement and development of international contacts and cooperation in the scientific and cultural fields: (a) (b) (c) Principal laws, administrative regulations and collective agreements designed to encourage and develop international contacts and cooperation in the scientific and cultural fields; Information on measures taken for: (i) The fullest utilisation, by all the states concerned, of the facilities afforded by their adherence to regional and international conventions, agreements and other instruments in the scientific and cultural fields; (ii) Participation by scientists, writers, artists and others involved in scientific research or creative activity, in international scientific and cultural conferences, seminars, symposiums, etc; Factors and difficulties affecting the development of international cooperation in the scientific and cultural fields. IV. GENERAL GUIDELINES REGARDING THE FORM AND CONTENTS OF REPORTS TO BE SUBMITTED ON SPECIFIC DUTIES UNDER THE CHARTER 1. These reports are to be submitted on the specific duties expressed in the Charter. These duties are either for States Parties or for individual persons in these countries. The format of these reports should be the same as on rights, namely they should consist of Initial Reports and Periodic Reports. Specific Duties on States Article 25 – Duty to Promote Awareness of the Charter 2. This article requires the states to take measures which will bring awareness of the provision of the Charter to their people. It envisages organisation of seminars and studies on the activities of the Organization of African Unity in the area of human and peoples’ rights; promotion and encouragement of observance of the rights and duties recognised in the Charter; report on what steps your country has taken in this area. 3. Article 26 – Duty to Guarantee the Independence of the Courts 4. The article requires the states to take steps to guarantee the independence of the judiciary with regard to the following: (a) Establishment of a legal educational system designed to protect human and peoples’ rights and respect for the rule of law; (b) A legal educational system directed at training independently-minded lawyers; (c) Appointment of judges to be based purely on merit and qualifications; (d) Judges to be assured tenure of office and not to be lightly removed save for misconduct after a recommendation by a special commission appointed for the purpose of investigating the misconduct; (e) Encourage formation of institutions charged with the responsibility to promote and protect rights guaranteed by the Charter. Specific Duties [of] Everyone Article 27 5. Every individual shall have duties towards other people, society, family and the international community. The personal rights shall be enjoyed subject to the rights and fundamental freedoms of others. Personal and private rights shall not be selfishly insisted upon at the 17