1980_____United Nations — Treaty Series • Nations Unies — Recueil des Traités_____335 Article 9. ADOPTION OF THE TEXT 1. The adoption of the text of a treaty takes place by the consent of all the States participating in its drawing up except as provided in paragraph 2. 2. The adoption of the text of a treaty at an international conference takes place by the vote of two thirds of the States present and voting, unless by the same majority they shall decide to apply a different rule. Article 10. AUTHENTICATION OF THE TEXT The text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive: (a) By such procedure as may be provided for in the text or agreed upon by the States participating in its drawing up; or (b) Failing such procedure, by the signature, signature ad referendum or initialling by the representatives of those States of the text of the treaty or of the Final Act of a conference incorporating the text. Article 11. MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A TREATY The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty may be expressed by signature, exchange of instruments constituting a treaty, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or by any other means if so agreed. Article 12. CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A TREATY EXPRESSED BY SIGNATURE 1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by the signature of its representative when: (a) The treaty provides that signature shall have that effect; (b) It is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that signature should have that effect; or (c) The intention of the State to give that effect to the signature appears from the full powers of its representative or was expressed during the negotiation. 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1 : (a) The initialling of a text constitutes a signature of the treaty when it is established that the negotiating States so agreed; (o) The signature ad referendum of a treaty by a representative, if confirmed by his State, constitutes a full signature of the treaty. Article 13. CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A TREATY EXPRESSED BY AN EXCHANGE OF INSTRUMENTS CONSTITUTING A TREATY The consent of States to be bound by a treaty constituted by instruments ex changed between them is expressed by that exchange when: (a) The instruments provide that their exchange shall have that effect; or (b) It is otherwise established that those States were agreed that the exchange of in struments shall have that effect. Article 14. CONSENT TO BE BOUND BY A TREATY EXPRESSED BY RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE OR APPROVAL 1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by ratification when: («) The treaty provides for such consent to be expressed by means of ratification; (b) It is otherwise established that the negotiating States were agreed that ratifica tion should be required; Vol. 1155,1-18232