African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 56Communications relating to human and peoples' rights referred to in 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1.Indicate their authors even if the latter request anonymity, 2.Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter, 3.Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity, 4.Are not based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media, 5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6.Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and 7.Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 551.Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the communications other than those of States parties to the present Charter and transmit them to the members of the Commission, who shall indicate which communications should be considered by the Commission. 2.A communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 56Communications relating to human and peoples' rights referred to in 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1.Indicate their authors even if the latter request anonymity, 2.Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter, 3.Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity, 4.Are not based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media, 5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6.Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and 7.Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter.
Rules of Procedure of the African Commission on Human and People's Rights
Rule 120 Representation of the Commission before the CourtWhen the Commission decides to submit a communication to the Court, pursuant to Article 5(1) (a) of the Protocol and Rule 118, it may appoint one or more Commissioners to represent it before the Court. The Commissioner(s) so designated shall be assisted by one or more Legal Officer(s) of the Commission’s Secretariat and/or experts who shall be designated or appointed by the Commission.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 551.Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the communications other than those of States parties to the present Charter and transmit them to the members of the Commission, who shall indicate which communications should be considered by the Commission. 2.A communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 551.Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the communications other than those of States parties to the present Charter and transmit them to the members of the Commission, who shall indicate which communications should be considered by the Commission. 2.A communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
002/2015 - IHRDA & Finders Group Initiative au nom de TFA (une mineure) c. Cameroun
„... the negligence of a State to guarantee the protection of the rights of the Charter having given rise to a violation ofthe said rights constitutes a violation of the rights of the Charter which would be attributable to this State, even where it is established that the State itself or its officials are not directly responsible for such violations but have been perpetrated by private individuals.‟
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 62Each state party shall undertake to submit every two years, from the date the present Charter comes into force, a report on the legislative or other measures taken with a view to giving effect to the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed by the present Charter.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
002/2015 - IHRDA & Finders Group Initiative au nom de TFA (une mineure) c. Cameroun
Association of Victims of Post Electoral Violence and Another v Cameroon (2009) AHRLR 47 (ACHPR 2009) para 110, 111;
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
002/2015 - IHRDA & Finders Group Initiative au nom de TFA (une mineure) c. Cameroun
human rights obligation of States isthat of obligation of result, not obligation of diligence.
74/92 Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés v Chad
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right
ECW/CCJ/JUD/04/20 The Reg. Trustees of Jama'a Foundation & 5 Ors v. Nigeria & The Attorney General and Minister of Justice of The Federation
Communication 272/03, paragraphs 124 –126.
Cour de justice de la CEDEAO African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 14 The right to property shall be guar anteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
59/91 Embga Mekongo Louis v Cameroon
74/92 Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés v Chad
137/94-139/94-154/96-161/97 International PEN, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Interrights (on behalf of Ken Saro-Wiwa Jnr) v Nigeria
137/94-139/94-154/96-161/97 International PEN, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Interrights (on behalf of Ken Saro-Wiwa Jnr) v Nigeria
147/95_149/96 Sir Dawda K. Jawara v Gambia (The)
46. Article 1 gives the Charter the legally binding character always attributed to international treaties of thissort. Therefore a violation of any provision of the Charter automatically means a violation of Article 1. If aState party to the Charter fails to recognise the provisions of the same, there is no doubt that it is inviolation of this Article. Its violation, therefore, goes to the root of the Charter.
140/94-141/94-145/95 Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Media Rights Agenda v Nigeria
54. The government did not offer any explanation for the sealing up of the premises of many publications,but maintained the seizure in violation of direct court orders. Those affected were not previously accused orconvicted in court of any wrongdoing. The right to property necessarily includes a right to have access toone's property and the right not to have one's property invaded or encroached upon. The Decrees whichpermitted the newspapers' premises to be sealed up and for publications to be seized cannot be said to be"appropriate" or in the interest of the public or the community in general. The Commission finds a violationof Article 14.
74/92 Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés v Chad
137/94-139/94-154/96-161/97 International PEN, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Interrights (on behalf of Ken Saro-Wiwa Jnr) v Nigeria
137/94-139/94-154/96-161/97 International PEN, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organisation and Interrights (on behalf of Ken Saro-Wiwa Jnr) v Nigeria
147/95_149/96 Sir Dawda K. Jawara v Gambia (The)
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
ticle 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them
223/98 Forum of Conscience v Sierra Leone
74/92 Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés v Chad
245/02 Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v Zimbabwe
143. Human rights standards do not contain merely limitations on State's authority or organs of State. Theyalso impose positive obligations on States to prevent and sanction private violations of human rights.Indeed, human rights law imposes obligations on States to protect citizens or individuals under theirjurisdiction from the harmful acts of others. Thus, an act by a private individual and therefore not directlyimputable to a State can generate responsibility of the State, not because of the act itself, but because ofthe lack of due diligence36 to prevent the violation or for not taking the necessary steps to provide thevictims with reparation.
245/02 Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v Zimbabwe
143. Human rights standards do not contain merely limitations on State's authority or organs of State. Theyalso impose positive obligations on States to prevent and sanction private violations of human rights.Indeed, human rights law imposes obligations on States to protect citizens or individuals under theirjurisdiction from the harmful acts of others. Thus, an act by a private individual and therefore not directlyimputable to a State can generate responsibility of the State, not because of the act itself, but because ofthe lack of due diligence36 to prevent the violation or for not taking the necessary steps to provide thevictims with reparation.