ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Human Rights our Collective Responsibility reasonable justification; and c) if there is no proportionality between the aim sought and the means employed. 60. As to what constitutes discrimination, they cited the expansive definition of Discrimination under the provisions of Article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)l1 and provided the analogous obligation of States Parties to condemn discrimination against women in -all its forms and to refer to appropriate measures to contain all its manifestation, direct or indirect in Articles 2 and 3 of the same Convention. They cited the Commission's position in the Association Mauritanienne des Droits de 1"Homme v Mauritania,12 which approved the above-mentioned positions in CEDAW. 61. The Complainants citing EIPR and INT~RIGHTS 19, Egypt13 submitted further that violence against women constitutes discrimination based on sex. Against this, to describe what violence against women entails, they armed their position with the provision of Article 1 of the Maputo Protocol and, argued that all acts perpetrated against women which cause or could cause them physical, sexual, psychological, and economic harm, including the threat to take such acts; or to undertake the imposition of arbitrary restrictions on or deprivation of fundamental freedoms in private or public life constitutes violence against women. 62. In the same vein they cited General Comment No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW Committee) 14 which provides that violence against women is a human rights issue and that it is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men. Also, the position that it is violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately and what is otherwise termed gender-based violence." 63. Elaborating on the level of recognition of gender-based violence as a bad vice, the Complainant cited the General Assembly Resolution 67/144 on Intensification of efforts to 11 The Respondent State ratified CEDAW on 18 September 1981 12 Communication No.210/ 98, (2000), para. 11 13 Communication No. 323/2006, (2013), para. 165. CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 15 Ibid, para 6. 14 121 P age 19, para 1. The African Commission on