M.S.S. v. BELGIUM AND GREECE JUDGMENT – SEPARATE OPINIONS
115
Commission or Council or implemented at the time of the applicant’s return
to Greece. The proposal has still not been adopted at the present day.
11. The letter of the UNHCR of April 2009 is clearly a document of
some importance, coming as it did from an authority whose independence
and objectivity are beyond doubt. The letter noted that, although the Court
in K.R.S. v. the United Kingdom had decided that the transfer of asylumseekers to Greece did not present a risk of refoulement under Article 3, the
Court had not given judgment on compliance by Greece with its obligations
under international law on refugees. The letter went on to express the belief
of the UNHCR that it was still not the case that the reception of asylumseekers in Greece complied with human rights standards or that asylumseekers had access to fair consideration of their asylum applications or that
refugees were effectively able to exercise their rights under the Geneva
Convention. The UNHCR concluded the letter by maintaining its
assessment of the Greek asylum system and the recommendation which had
been formulated in its position paper in April 2008, which had been
expressly taken into account by the Court in its K.R.S. v. the United
Kingdom decision.
Significant as the letter may be, it provides to my mind too fragile a
foundation for the conclusion that the Belgian authorities could no longer
rely on the K.R.S. v. the United Kingdom decision or that the return of the
applicant to Greece would violate his rights under Article 3 of the
Convention.
12. The diplomatic assurances given by Greece to the Belgian
authorities are found in the judgment not to amount to a sufficient guarantee
since the agreement of Greece to take responsibility for receiving the
applicant under the Dublin Regulation was sent after the order to leave
Belgium had been issued and since the agreement document was worded in
stereotyped terms and contained no guarantee concerning the applicant in
person.
It is true that the assurances of the kind sought by the United Kingdom
authorities in the decision in K.R.S. v. the United Kingdom after interim
measures had been applied and after specific questions had been put by the
Court to the respondent Government, were not sought by the Belgian
authorities in the present case. However, the assurances given in K.R.S. v.
the United Kingdom were similarly of a general nature and were not
addressed to the individual circumstances of the applicant in the case.
Moreover, there was no reason to believe in June 2009 that the general
practice and procedures in Greece, which had been referred to in the
assurances and summarised in the K.R.S. v. the United Kingdom decision,
had changed or were no longer applicable. In particular, there was not at
that time any evidence that persons were being directly or indirectly
returned by Greece to Afghanistan in disregard of the statements relied on
by the Court in K.R.S. v. the United Kingdom. Such evidence did not
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