CEDAW/C/GC/35 cause or result in death 17 or physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women, threats of such acts, harassment, coercion and arbitrary deprivation of liberty. 18 Gender-based violence against women is affected and often exacerbated by cultural, economic, ideological, technological, political, religious, social and environmental factors, as evidenced, among other things, in the contexts of displacement, migration, the increased globalization of economic activities, including global supply chains, the extractive and offshoring industry, militarization, foreign occupation, armed conflict, violent extremism and terrorism. Gender-based violence against women is also affected by political, economic and social crises, civil unrest, humanitarian emergencies, natural disasters and the destruction or degradation of natural resources. Harmful practices 19 and crimes against women human rights defenders, politicians, 20 activists or journalists are also forms of gender-based violence against women affected by such cultural, ideological and political factors. 15. Women’s right to a life free from gender-based violence is indivisible from and interdependent on other human rights, including the rights to life, health, liberty and security of the person, equality and equal protection within the family, freedom from torture, cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment, and freedom of expression, movement, participation, assembly and association. 16. Gender-based violence against women may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in certain circumstances, including in cases of rape, domestic violence or harmful practices. 21 In certain cases, some forms of genderbased violence against women may also constitute international crimes. 22 17. The Committee endorses the view of other human rights treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders that, in determining when acts of gender -based violence against women amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, 23 a gender-sensitive approach is required to understand the level of pain __________________ 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 6/19 Deaths resulting from gender-based violence include murders, killings in the name of so -called “honour” and forced suicides. See the report on the inquiry concerning Mexico; and the report of the inquiry concerning Canada (CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1); as well as the concluding observations of the Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties: Chile (CEDAW/C/CHL/CO/5-6 and Corr.1); Finland (CEDAW/C/FIN/CO/7); Guatemala (CEDAW/C/GUA/CO/7); Honduras (CEDAW/C/HND/CO/7-8); Iraq (CEDAW/C/IRQ/CO/4-6); Mexico (CEDAW/C/MEX/CO/7-8); Namibia (CEDAW/C/NAM/CO/4-5); Pakistan (CEDAW/C/PAK/CO/4); South Africa (CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4); Turkey (CEDAW/C/TUR/CO/7); and United Republic of Tanzania (CEDAW/C/TZA/CO/7-8), among others. General recommendation No. 19, para. 6, and general recommendati on No. 28, para. 19. Joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18. See the Inter-Parliamentary Union issues brief entitled “Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians” (October 2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57); report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/7/3), para. 36; concluding observations of the Committee against Torture on the following periodic reports of States parties under the Convention against Torture: Burundi (CAT/C/BDI/CO/1); Guyana (CAT/C/GUY/CO/1); Mexico (CAT/C/MEX/CO/4); Peru (CAT/C/PER/CO/5-6); Senegal (CAT/C/SEN/CO/3); Tajikistan (CAT/C/TJK/CO/2); and Togo (CAT/C/TGO/CO/1); Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 (2000) on the equality of rights between men and women; concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Slovakia ( CCPR/CO/78/SVK); Japan (CCPR/C/79/Add.102); and Peru (CCPR/CO/70/PER), among others. Including such crimes against humanity and war crimes as rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity, according to articles 7 (1) (g), 8 (2) (b) (xxii) and 8 (2) (e) (vi) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57), para. 11. 17-12719