States to adopt a holistic approach to address the root causes of discrimination against women. They add that Article 5 of the Maputo Protocol requires States to eradicate harmful practices that undermine the human rights of women. 79. The Complainants state that ensuring equality means addressing not only formal (de jure) inequality, which is discrimination based on law, but also substantive (de facto) inequality or discrimination based on practice. Formal equality, they argue, requires ensuring that laws and policies treat all people in the same way. Substantive equality, on the other hand, offers a more comprehensive understanding of equality, requiring equality of outcome and opportunity. According to the Complainants, the practice of compulsory blood donation by the spouses of pregnant women and the detention of women in health care facilities should they be unable to pay their maternity bills in full, because they are based on widespread practice and not on law, fall within the scope of violations that formal equality alone will not address. 80. The Complainants state that various internatibnal standards require Nigeria to fully account for the high levels of prev:entable maternal deaths by addressing the roles that formal and material gender ...based inequalities play in women's predisposition to die or suffer debilitating injuries, as well as the different maternal health outcomes experienced by women based on their socioeconomic status. 'f:l;i ,!, -. Violation of the right1to information 81. The Complainants .\.allege that access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information i$., essential to prevent health problems and ensure the wellbeing of all individuals. In addition, access to sexual and reproductive health information can hell3\Rre,vent unplanned pregnancies, unsafe abortions and minimise the incidence ol:ma:tern~1 death and morbidity. The Complainants point out that a large proportion '01 maternal deaths in Nigeria could easily be prevented if women and girls had adequate access to information about their health. 82. According to the Complainants, the right to information guaranteed by Article 9 of the African Charter is a gateway to the rights to health, life, dignity and equality. With specific reference to health, the Complainants point to Article 14(2) of the Maputo Protocol which recognises the right to health information as an essential component of the right to health, stressing the importance of information, education and communication services i:% C'r~ 'A 'V of 1 adequate, affordable and accessible health care services. ~LI".,~<;.~E'f AR. 4r J" '. .) \f) (~ ,~ '. I.fI 83. ~hey also re~er to Art!de 14 (1) of the Mapu~o.Prot I~ol hi/(, ~ar ~t:r the nght t? family planrung education. More specifIcallY'I't\ om,JJ.&ln ts ege that in its last Concluding Observations, the Commi] ~ft:s. co that Nigeria revise its abortion law and adopt ~ Q s- ess to sw :4f"E EO oE.~ 15