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Communication 341/2007 - Equality Now & Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association v. Ethiopia

ACHPR Decision

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SUMMARY OF THE COMPLAINT2
ARTICLES ALLEGED TO HAVE BEEN VIOLATED4
PRAYERS OF THE COMPLAINANT4
THE PROCEDURE4
Amicable Settlement of the Matter8
ADMISIBILITY8
Initial Submissions of the Complainants on Admissibility8
Admissibility Submissions by the Respondent State9
Additional Submissions of the Complainants on Admissibility11
THE AFRICAN COMMISSION'S ANALYSIS ON ADMISSIBILITY14
MERITS17
Summary of Parties' Submissions on the Merits17
Complainant's submissions17
Respondent State's submissions20
Complainant's Reply21
The Commission's Analysis on the Merits22
Decision of the Commission on the merits36

Communication 341/2007 - Equality Now & Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association v. Ethiopia

ACHPR Decision

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Type of Document

Decision

Keywords

Child Marriage
Cruel and Degrading Treatment
Equality
Equality Before the Law
Freedom from Discrimination
Kidnapping/Sequestration
Personal Liberty
Rape
Right to Fair Trial
Right to Life
Rights and Welfare of the Child
Women's Rights

Case Head Notes: Equality Now and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association filed a complaint on behalf of Woineshet Zebene Negash, alleging a violation of Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, and 18 (3) of the African Charter, and Article 24 (3) of the Convention of the Rights of a Child. The Commission decided on the merits that Articles 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 (1) (a) were violated by the Ethiopian Government and consequently, requested the Respondent State to pay the victim a monetary compensation and implement escalated measures to specifically deal with marriage by abduction and rape; monitor instances of marriage by abduction and rape; and diligently prosecute and sanction offenders.

Country

Ethiopia

Outcome: Decided on Merits

Year Decided: Nov 16, 2015

Rights Alleged to be Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 18.3: Protection of Rights of Women and Children
ACHPR 3: Right to Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law
ACHPR 4: Right to Life and Integrity
ACHPR 5: Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
ACHPR 6 : Right to Personal Liberty and Protection from Arbitrary Arrest

Rights Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 3: Right to Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law
ACHPR 4: Right to Life and Integrity
ACHPR 5: Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
ACHPR 6 : Right to Personal Liberty and Protection from Arbitrary Arrest
ACHPR 7.1.a: Right to Sue for Remedy before a Competent Tribunal

Rights Not Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 2: Freedom from Discrimination

Duration of Procedure

May 16, 2007 ~ Nov 17, 2015

Country Geolocation

Latitude: 9.145000000000001

Longitude: 40.489673

Country Geolocation (linked ACHPR Decision): Ethiopia

Primary Documents

equality_now_ethiopian_w_omen_lawyers_association_decision_2007_0.pdf
English
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African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 56 Communications relating to human and peoples' rights referred to in 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1. Indicate their authors even if the latter request anonymity, 2. Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter, 3. Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity, 4. Are not based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media, 5. Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6. Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and 7. Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 551.Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the communications other than those of States parties to the present Charter and transmit them to the members of the Commission, who shall indicate which communications should be considered by the Commission. 2.A communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 5Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 6Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for reasons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.

Treaty

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

Article 23 7 1. States Parties recognize that a mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and facilitate the child's active participation in the community. 2. States Parties recognize the right of the disabled child to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension, subject to available resources, to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her care, of assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child's condition and to the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the child. 3. Recognizing the special needs of a disabled child, assistance extended in accordance with paragraph 2 of the present article shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, health care services, rehabilitation services, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child's achieving the fullest possible social integration and individual development, including his or her cultural and spiritual development 4. States Parties shall promote, in the spirit of international cooperation, the exchange of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of disabled children, including dissemination of and access to information concerning methods of rehabilitation, education and vocational services, with the aim of enabling States Parties to improve their capabilities and skills and to widen their experience in these areas. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries

UN Document

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

3. The State shall ensure the elimination of every discrimination against women and also ensure the protection of the rights of the woman and the child as stipulated in international declarations and conventions.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 3 1. Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2. Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 5 Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4 Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right

Treaty

Rules of Procedure of the African Commission on Human and People's Rights

Upon receipt of the Complainant’s 2. observations on admissibility, the Secretary shall transmit a copy to the respondent state and request the latter to make a written submission, containing its arguments and evidence on admissibility, within two months of its receipt of the Commission’s request. The Secretariat shall, within a week of receipt of the state’s submission, provide the Complainant with a copy.

ACHPR Soft Law

Rules of Procedure of the African Commission on Human and People's Rights

ACHPR Soft Law

Rules of Procedure of the African Commission on Human and People's Rights

Rule 108 ProceedingsOnce a Communication has been 1. declared admissible, the Commission shall set a period of sixty (60) days for the Complainant to submit observations on the merits. These observations shall be transmitted to the State Party concerned for the submission of its observations within sixty (60) days;

ACHPR Soft Law

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

6.Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

7.Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 55 1. Before each Session, the Secretary of the Commission shall make a list of the communications other than those of States parties to the present Charter and transmit them to the members of the Commission, who shall indicate which communications should be considered by the Commission. 2. A communication shall be considered by the Commission if a simple majority of its members so decide.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 56Communications relating to human and peoples' rights referred to in 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1.Indicate their authors even if the latter request anonymity, 2.Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter, 3.Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity, 4.Are not based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media, 5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6.Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and 7.Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 56Communications relating to human and peoples' rights referred to in 55 received by the Commission, shall be considered if they: 1.Indicate their authors even if the latter request anonymity, 2.Are compatible with the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or with the present Charter, 3.Are not written in disparaging or insulting language directed against the State concerned and its institutions or to the Organization of African Unity, 4.Are not based exclusively on news discriminated through the mass media, 5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged, 6.Are submitted within a reasonable period from the time local remedies are exhausted or from the date the Commission is seized of the matter, and 7.Do not deal with cases which have been settled by these States involved in accordance with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, or the Charter of the Organization of African Unity or the provisions of the present Charter.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

5.Are sent after exhausting local remedies, if any, unless it is obvious that this procedure is unduly prolonged,

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 2Every individual shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in the present Charter without distinction of any kind such as race, ethnic group, color, sex, language, religion, political or any other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

(a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force;

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 71.Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force; (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal; (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice; (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal. 2.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 1The Member States of the Organization of African Unity parties to the present Charter shall recognize the rights, duties and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter and shall undertake to adopt legislative or other measures to give effect to them.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 4Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

Article 31.Every individual shall be equal before the law. 2.Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.

Treaty

African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)

The State shall ensure the elimination of every discrimination against women and also ensure the protection of the rights of the woman and the child as stipulated in international declarations and conventions.

Treaty

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