rights safeguards into their processes, adopt mitigation strategies to address all restrictions on freedom of expression and access to information online, ensure transparency on all requests for removal of content, incorporate appeal mechanisms, and offer effective remedies where rights violations occur. 4. States shall not require the removal of online content by internet intermediaries unless such requests are: a. b. c. d. e. clear and unambiguous; imposed by an independent and impartial judicial authority, subject to sub-principle 5; subject to due process safeguards; justifiable and compatible with international human rights law and standards; and implemented through a transparent process that allows a right of appeal. 5. Law-enforcement agencies may request intermediaries for the expedited or immediate removal of online content that poses imminent danger or constitutes real risk of death or serious harm to a person or child, provided such removal is subject to review by judicial authority. 6. States shall ensure that the development, use and application of artificial intelligence, algorithms and other similar technologies by internet intermediaries are compatible with international human rights law and standards, and do not infringe on the rights to freedom of expression, access to information and other human rights. Principle 40. Privacy and the protection of personal information 1. Everyone has the right to privacy, including the confidentiality of their communications and the protection of their personal information. 2. Everyone has the right to communicate anonymously or use pseudonyms on the internet and to secure the confidentiality of their communications and personal information from access by third parties through the aid of digital technologies. 3. States shall not adopt laws or other measures prohibiting or weakening encryption, including backdoors, key escrows and 25