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I. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1
A. Procedural background................................................................................................... 1
1. The Appeals ................................................................................................................ 2
(a) Notices of Appeal .................................................................................................. 2
(b) Filing of Briefs....................................................................................................... 3
2. Applications for Admission of Additional Evidence under Rule 115 ........................ 4
3. Contempt proceedings................................................................................................. 6
B. Grounds of Appeal ......................................................................................................... 7
1. The Appeal against Judgement ................................................................................... 7
2. The Cross-Appeal........................................................................................................ 7
3. The Appeal against Sentencing Judgement................................................................. 8
C. Relief Requested............................................................................................................. 9
1. The Appeal against Judgement ................................................................................... 9
2. The Cross-Appeal...................................................................................................... 10
3. The Appeal against Sentencing Judgement............................................................... 11
D. Sentencing Procedure................................................................................................... 11
II. First Ground of Appeal by the Defence:
Inequality of Arms Leading to Denial of Fair Trial......................................................... 13
A. Submissions of the Parties............................................................................................ 13
1. The Defence Case ..................................................................................................... 13
2. The Prosecution Case................................................................................................ 16
B. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 18
1. Applicability of Articles 20(1) and 21(4)(b) of the Statute....................................... 18
C. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 25
III. Third Ground of Appeal by the Defence:
Error of Fact Leading to a Miscarriage of Justice.......................................................... 26
A. Submissions of the Parties............................................................................................ 26
1. The Defence .............................................................................................................. 26
2. The Prosecution......................................................................................................... 27
B. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 27
C. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 29
IV. The First Ground of Cross-Appeal by the Prosecution:
the Trial Chamber’s Finding That It Had Not Been Proved
That the Victims Were “Protected Persons” Under Article 2
of the Statute (On Grave Breaches)................................................................................ 30
A. Submissions of the Parties............................................................................................ 30
1. The Prosecution Case................................................................................................ 30
2. The Defence Case ..................................................................................................... 32
B. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 33
1. The Requirements for the Applicability of Article 2 of the Statute.......................... 33
2. The Nature of the Conflict ........................................................................................ 34
3. The Legal Criteria for Establishing When, in an Armed Conflict
Which is Prima Facie Internal, Armed Forces May Be Regarded
as Acting On Behalf of a Foreign Power, Thereby Rendering
the Conflict International .......................................................................................... 35
Case No.: -94-1-A
15 July 1999