and independent institutions to oversee the protected disclosure of information in the public interest. Principle 36. Sanctions 1. The failure of an information holder to proactively disclose information or to grant a request for information shall be established as offences punishable by law. 2. The wilful destruction, damage, alteration, concealment or falsification of information and the obstruction or interference with the performance of the duties of an information holder or of an oversight mechanism, shall be established as offences punishable by law. Part IV: Freedom of Expression and Access to Information on the Internet Principle 37. Access to the internet 1. States shall facilitate the rights to freedom of expression and access to information online and the means necessary to exercise these rights. 2. States shall recognise that universal, equitable, affordable and meaningful access to the internet is necessary for the realisation of freedom of expression, access to information and the exercise of other human rights. 3. States shall, in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders, adopt laws, policies and other measures to provide universal, equitable, affordable and meaningful access to the internet without discrimination, including by: a. b. c. d. e. developing independent and transparent regulatory mechanisms for effective oversight; improving information and communication technology and internet infrastructure for universal coverage; establishing mechanisms for regulating market competition to support lower pricing and encourage diversity; promoting local access initiatives such as community networks for enabling the increased connection of marginalised, unserved or underserved communities; and facilitating digital literacy skills for inclusive and autonomous use. 23