-42-
155.
In assessing the need for restrictions on freedom of expression by the
Respondent State to protect the honour and reputation of others, this Court also
deems it necessary to consider the function of the person whose rights are to be
protected; in other words, the Court considers that its assessment of the need for
the limitation must necessarily vary depending on whether the person is a public
figure or not. The Court is of the view that freedom of expression in a democratic
society must be the subject of a lesser degree of interference when it occurs in the
context of public debate relating to public figures. Consequently, as stated by the
Commission, "people who assume highly visible public roles must necessarily face
a higher degree of criticism than private citizens; otherwise public debate may be
stifled altogether". 27
156.
The Court considers that there is no doubt that a prosecutor is a "public figure";
as such, he is more exposed than an ordinary individual and is subject to many and
more severe criticisms. Given that a higher degree of tolerance is expected of
him/her, the laws of States Parties to the Charter and the Covenant with respect to
dishonouring or tarnishing the reputation of public figures, such as the members of
the judiciary, should therefore not provide more severe sanctions than those
relating to offenses against the honor or reputation of an ordinary individual.
157.
In the instant case, the Court notes that Article 110 of the Information Code of
the Respondent State provides that defamation committed against members of the
judiciary, the army and the constituted corps shall be punishable by a prison term
of fifteen (15) days to three (3) months and a fine of 100 000 to 500 000 or one of
both fines only." And that Article 178 of its Penal Code provides that "when one or
more Magistrates, jurors or Assessors are victims of contempt in words or in writing
or in drawings not made public, while exercising their duties, which may tarnish
27
Media Rights Agenda, Constitutional Rights Project, Media Rights Agenda and Constitutional Rights Project v.
Nigeria, Communication no 105/93-128/94-130/94-152/96,par 74