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(i"i) ACHPR ' .· African Commission on Human and Peoples' Ri�Jhts Human Rights our Collective R<1sponsibility 135. Dans l'affaire El-Sharkawi c. Egypte, la Commission a invoque sa jurisprudence60 et les Lignes directrices de Robben Island pour !'interdiction et la prevention de la torture en Afrique, pour adopter la definition de la torture contenue dans !'article 1 de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la torture, selon laquelle On entend par torture tout acte par lequel une douleur ou des souffrances aigues, physiques ou mentales, sont intentionnellement infligees a une personne aux fins notamment d'obtenir d 'elle ou d ' u ne fierce personne des renseignements ou des aveux, de la punir d ' u n acte qu 'elle ou une fierce personne a commis ou est soupronnee d' avoir commis, de l'in timider ou de faire pression sur elle ou d'intimider ou de faire pression sur u ne tierce personne, ou pour tout autre motiffonde sur une forme de discrimination quelle qu 'elle soit, lorsqu' une telle douleur ou de telles souffrances sont infligees par u n agent de la fonction publique ou toute autre personne agissant a titre officiel ou a son instigation ou avec son consentement expres ou tacite. 61 136. Dans la meme decision, la Commission a considere que cette definition de la torture contient quatre (4) elements cumulatifs, a savoir : i) les souffrances mentales ou physiques doivent etre aigues ; ii) l'acte ou l'omission doit etre inflige intentionnellement ; iii) !'execution de cet acte ou de cette omission doit avoir un but precis ; iv) et l'acte ou !'omission doit etre inflige par un agent de la fonction publique ou avec son consentement expres ou tacite62• 137. Dans le cas present, les conditions de detention, !'absence de communication avec la famille, la violence physique, le fait de jeter de la nourriture par terre pour que la victime la mange, et le fait que la victime ait ete decapitee, indiquent la gravite des souffrances infligees; il ne fait egalement aucun doute que ces actes ant ete executes intentionnellement, par des agents de l'Etat, clans un but precis, a savoir faire pression sur la victime pour qu'elle denonce d'autres membres des FNL, change de parti ou abandonne ses activites au sein du parti. Si ces quatre elements sont reunis, nous devons conclure que la victime a ete torturee. ° Communication 245/2002 - Zimbawe Human Rights NGO Forum/Zimbabwe (2006) CADHP, para. 180, Communication 334/06 - Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interrights c. Egypte (2011 ) CADHP, para. 162; Communication 368/09 - Abdel Hadi, Ali Radi et autres c . Soudan para. 70. 61 Communication N ° 396/11 - El-Sharkawi c. Republique d'Egypte (2020) CADHP 62 Communication N° 396 / 1 1 - EI-Sharkawi c. Republique d'Egypte (2020) CADHP 6 AnO..gancrttie Afriqane '·0 Union �,.;/,:; The African Commission 31 Bijilo Annex Phone: (220) Page 39 of 62

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Communication 474/14 - Family of the late Jean-Claude Ndimumahoro v. Burundi

ACHPR Decision

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Type of Document

Decision

Keywords

Arbitrary Arrest and Detention
Cruel and Degrading Treatment
Extra-Judicial Killings
Freedom from Discrimination
Freedom of Association
Freedom of Expression / Digital Rights
Freedom of Opinion
Functioning and Independence of the Judiciary
Participation in Government
Personal Liberty
Police Brutality and Offences
Right to Fair Trial
Right to Family
Right to Life
Torture and Ill Treatment

Case Head Notes: The first victim had a been a member of the FNL, a rebel movement that had laid down its arms in 2009 and become a political party. In 2011 the FNL was accused of an armed attack in a bar, and, following the incident, the first victim began to subjected to surveillance and began to receive death threats. In June 2012 the first victim attended a meeting with a former FNL member, who had become a police officer and the personal bodyguard of the deputy Police Commissioner of Gitega. Following the meeting, the first victim was never seen again. In July 12, a headless corpse was found, and was identified as the first victim. The complainants state that, according to witnesses, the first victim was taken away in a vehicle belonging to the Administrator of Gitega and, further, a witness testified to having been detained along with the first victim in a cell at the National Intelligence Service (SNR), and stated that they had been subjected to ill-treatment. The Commission found a violation of Article 4 stating that, since the victim was not released before his decapitated body was discovered, the decapitation is attributable to the Respondent State, and that it was an arbitrary, extrajudicial execution. The Commission found a violation of Article 5 stating that the lack of communication with the outside world, humiliating treatment, and decapitation of the first victim indicated the severity of the suffering inflicted. The Commission stated that there is no doubt that the actions were carried out by a state party for a specific purpose and, accordingly, meet the requirements to find that the first victim was tortured. The Commission found a violation of Article 6 stating that, since there is no record of a competent authority ordering his detention, the detention of the first victim took place outside of the legal framework. The Commission found a violation of Article 7 because the first victim was detained without them, or others, knowing their whereabouts and also because the detention took place outside of any criminal proceedings. The Commission found a violation of Articles 9, 10 and 13 because not only did the Respondent State fail to protect the first victim's rights, regarding freedom of opinion, freedom of association and participation in government, the Respondent State allowed its agents to behead the first victim for exercising those rights. Noting that in the past the Commission has found that incommunicado detention alone has constituted a violation of the right to family, the Commission found a violation of Article 18, stating that the Respondent State allowed its agents to execute one of the family's members, and, consequently, violated the victim and the victim's family's Article 18 rights. The Commission found a violation of Article 2, stating that the first victim was treated differently than members of other political parties, particularly members affiliated or associated with the ruling party. They also state that the first victim's detention and beheading were based on the fact the first victim belonged to a different political party, and professed a different ideology, a ground that is expressly prohibited to discriminate against under Article 2. As a consequence of other articles of the Charter being violated, the Commission also found a violation of Article 1. The Commission found no violation of Article 26 because the victim never brought the matter before the Courts. Among other recommendations, the Commission urged the Respondent State to pay reparations to the spouse and family members of the first victim for material and moral damages suffered, to open an independent, impartial, official investigation, to issue a public apology, to publicly condemn the violations, and to report to the Commission on measures taken to implement the recommendations.

Country

Burundi

Outcome: Decided on Merits

Year Decided: Aug 2, 2023

Rights Alleged to be Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 7: Right to Fair Trial
ACHPR 7.1: Right to be Heard
ACHPR 9: Right to Receive Information and Free Expression
ACHPR 1: General Obligations
ACHPR 10: Right to Freedom of Association
ACHPR 10.1: Freedom of association
ACHPR 13: Right to Participate in Government
ACHPR 13.1: Right to participate freely in government
ACHPR 18: Protection of the Family and Vulnerable Groups
ACHPR 18.1: Protection of the family
ACHPR 2: Freedom from Discrimination
ACHPR 26 : Duty to Guarantee Independence of Courts
ACHPR 4: Right to Life and Integrity
ACHPR 5: Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
ACHPR 6 : Right to Personal Liberty and Protection from Arbitrary Arrest
ACHPR 7.1.a: Right to Sue for Remedy before a Competent Tribunal
ACHPR 9.2: Right to Express and Disseminate Opinions Within the law

Rights Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 7: Right to Fair Trial
ACHPR 9: Right to Receive Information and Free Expression
ACHPR 1: General Obligations
ACHPR 10: Right to Freedom of Association
ACHPR 10.1: Freedom of association
ACHPR 13: Right to Participate in Government
ACHPR 13.1: Right to participate freely in government
ACHPR 18: Protection of the Family and Vulnerable Groups
ACHPR 18.1: Protection of the family
ACHPR 2: Freedom from Discrimination
ACHPR 4: Right to Life and Integrity
ACHPR 5: Cruel Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
ACHPR 6 : Right to Personal Liberty and Protection from Arbitrary Arrest
ACHPR 9.2: Right to Express and Disseminate Opinions Within the law

Rights Not Violated (ACHPR Provisions)

ACHPR 26 : Duty to Guarantee Independence of Courts

Duration of Procedure

Jun 9, 2014 ~ Aug 2, 2023

Country Geolocation

Latitude: -3.373056

Longitude: 29.918886

Country Geolocation (linked ACHPR Decision): Burundi

Primary Documents

Family of the late Jean-Claude Ndimumahoro v Burundi.pdf
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African Human Rights CLA 2.0

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Communication 474/14 - Family of the late Jean-Claude Ndimumahoro v. Burundi

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