FURTHER CALLS on States Parties of the African Union to condemn African leaders who lose elections and refuse to concede defeat and hand over power peacefully; APPEALS to the authorities of the African Union, including the AU Peace and Security Council, and the Regional Economic Communities, to strengthen their ability to anticipate violations of democratic principles through more dynamic direct preventive action, with appropriate sanctions against any person departing from these principles. Done in Banjul, The Gambia, 1 March 2011 3